說明
這個題目來自於 數字拆解,我將之改為C語言的版本,並加上說明。
題目是這樣的:
3 = 2+1 = 1+1+1 所以3有三種拆法
4 = 3 + 1 = 2 + 2 = 2 + 1 + 1 = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 共五種
5 = 4 + 1 = 3 + 2 = 3 + 1 + 1 = 2 + 2 + 1 = 2 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 1 + 1 +1 +1 +1
共七種
依此類推,請問一個指定數字NUM的拆解方法個數有多少個?
解法
我們以上例中最後一個數字5的拆解為例,假設f( n )為數字n的可拆解方式個數,而f(x, y)為使用y以下的數字來拆解x的方法個數,則觀察:
5 = 4 + 1 = 3 + 2 = 3 + 1 + 1 = 2 + 2 + 1 = 2 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 1 + 1 +1 +1 +1
使用函式來表示的話:
f(5) = f(4, 1) + f(3,2) + f(2,3) + f(1,4) + f(0,5)
其中f(1, 4) = f(1, 3) + f(1, 2) + f(1, 1),但是使用大於1的數字來拆解1沒有意義,所以f(1, 4) = f(1, 1),而同樣的,f(0, 5)會等於f(0, 0),所以:
f(5) = f(4, 1) + f(3,2) + f(2,3) + f(1,1) + f(0,0)
依照以上的說明,使用動態程式規畫(Dynamic programming)來進行求解,其中f(4,1)其實就是f(5-1,
min(5-1,1)),f(x, y)就等於f(n-y, min(n-x, y)),其中n為要拆解的數字,而min()表示取兩者中較小的數。
使用一個二維陣列表格table[x][y]來表示f(x, y),剛開始時,將每列的索引0與索引1元素值設定為1,因為任何數以0以下的數拆解必只有1種,而任何數以1以下的數拆解也必只有1種:
for(i = 0; i < NUM +1; i++){
table[i][0] = 1; // 任何數以0以下的數拆解必只有1種
table[i][1] = 1; // 任何數以1以下的數拆解必只有1種
}
接下來就開始一個一個進行拆解了,如果數字為NUM,則我們的陣列維度大小必須為NUM x (NUM/2+1),以數字10為例,其維度為10 x 6我們的表格將會如下所示:
1 1 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0
1 1 2 0 0 0
1 1 2 3 0 0
1 1 3 4 5 0
1 1 3 5 6 7
1 1 4 7 9 0
1 1 4 8 0 0
1 1 5 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0
#include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #define NUM 10 // 要拆解的數字 #define DEBUG 0
int main(void) { printf("數字拆解\n"); printf("3 = 2+1 = 1+1+1 所以3有三種拆法\n"); printf("4 = 3 + 1 = 2 + 2 = 2 + 1 + 1 = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1"); printf("共五種\n"); printf("5 = 4 + 1 = 3 + 2 = 3 + 1 + 1"); printf(" = 2 + 2 + 1 = 2 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1"); printf("共七種\n"); printf("依此類推,求 %d 有幾種拆法?", NUM); int table[NUM][NUM/2+1] = {0}; // 動態規畫表格 int count = 0; int result = 0;
// 初始化 int i; for(i = 0; i < NUM; i++){ table[i][0] = 1; // 任何數以0以下的數拆解必只有1種 table[i][1] = 1; // 任何數以1以下的數拆解必只有1種 } // 動態規劃 for(i = 2; i <= NUM; i++){ int j; for(j = 2; j <= i; j++){ if(i + j > NUM) // 大於 NUM continue; count = 0; int k; for(k = 1 ; k <= j; k++){ count += table[i-k][(i-k >= k) ? k : i-k]; } table[i][j] = count; } }
// 計算並顯示結果 int m; for(m = 1 ; m <= NUM; m++) result += table[NUM-m][(NUM-m >= m) ? m : NUM-m]; printf("\n\nresult: %d\n", result);
if(DEBUG) { printf("\n除錯資訊\n"); int i; for(i = 0; i < NUM; i++) { int j; for(j = 0; j < NUM/2+1; j++) printf("%2d", table[i][j]); printf("\n"); } }
return 0; }
public class Number { public static void main(String[] args){ final int NUM = 10;
System.out.print("數字拆解\n"); System.out.print("3 = 2+1 = 1+1+1 所以3有三種拆法\n"); System.out.print("4 = 3 + 1 = 2 + 2 = 2 + 1 + 1 = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1"); System.out.print("共五種\n"); System.out.print("5 = 4 + 1 = 3 + 2 = 3 + 1 + 1"); System.out.print(" = 2 + 2 + 1 = 2 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1"); System.out.print("共七種\n"); System.out.printf("依此類推,求 %d 有幾種拆法?", NUM);
int[][] table = new int[NUM][NUM / 2 + 1]; int count = 0; for(int i = 0; i < NUM; i++) { table[i][0] = 1; table[i][1] = 1; } for(int i = 2; i <= NUM; i++) { for(int j = 2; j <= i; j++) { if(i + j > NUM) { continue; } count = 0; for(int k = 1; k <= j; k++) { count += table[i-k][(i-k >= k) ? k : i-k]; } table[i][j] = count; } } int result = 0; for(int k = 1; k <= NUM; k++) { result += table[NUM-k][(NUM-k >= k) ? k : NUM-k]; } System.out.printf("\n\nresult: %d\n", result); } }
NUM = 10
print("數字拆解\n") print("3 = 2+1 = 1+1+1 所以3有三種拆法\n") print("4 = 3 + 1 = 2 + 2 = 2 + 1 + 1 = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1") print("共五種\n") print("5 = 4 + 1 = 3 + 2 = 3 + 1 + 1") print(" = 2 + 2 + 1 = 2 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1") print("共七種\n") print("依此類推,求 %d 有幾種拆法?" % NUM)
table = [] for i in range(NUM): table.append([0] * (NUM // 2 + 1)) count = 0
for i in range(NUM): table[i][0] = 1 table[i][1] = 1
for i in range(2, NUM + 1): for j in range(2, i + 1): if i + j > NUM: continue count = 0 for k in range(1, j + 1): count += table[i-k][k if i-k >= k else i-k] table[i][j] = count
result = 0 for k in range(1, NUM + 1): result += table[NUM-k][k if NUM-k >= k else NUM-k] print("\n\nresult: ", result)
val NUM = 10 val table = new Array[Array[Int]](NUM, NUM / 2 + 1) var count = 0
print("數字拆解\n") print("3 = 2+1 = 1+1+1 所以3有三種拆法\n") print("4 = 3 + 1 = 2 + 2 = 2 + 1 + 1 = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1") print("共五種\n") print("5 = 4 + 1 = 3 + 2 = 3 + 1 + 1") print(" = 2 + 2 + 1 = 2 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1") print("共七種\n") printf("依此類推,求 %d 有幾種拆法?", NUM)
for(i <- 0 until NUM) { table(i)(0) = 1 table(i)(1) = 1 } for(i <- 2 to NUM; j <- 2 to i if i + j <= NUM) { count = 0 for(k <- 1 to j) { count += table(i - k)(if(i - k >= k) k else i - k) } table(i)(j) = count }
var result = 0 for(k <- 1 to NUM) { result += table(NUM - k)(if(NUM - k >= k) k else NUM - k) } printf("\n\nresult: %d\n", result)
# encoding: Big5
NUM = 10
puts "數字拆解" puts "3 = 2 + 1 = 1 + 1 + 1 所以 3 有三種拆法" puts "4 = 3 + 1 = 2 + 2 = 2 + 1 + 1 = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1" puts "共五種" puts "5 = 4 + 1 = 3 + 2 = 3 + 1 + 1" puts " = 2 + 2 + 1 = 2 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1" puts "共七種"
table = Array.new(NUM) { Array.new(NUM / 2 + 1, 0) }
count = 0
NUM.times { |i| table[i][0] = table[i][1] = 1 }
2.upto(NUM) { |i| 2.upto(i) { |j| if i + j > NUM next end count = 0 1.upto(j) { |k| count += table[i - k][i-k >= k ? k : i - k] } table[i][j] = count } }
result = 0 1.upto(NUM) { |k| result += table[NUM - k][NUM-k >= k ? k : NUM - k] }
puts "依此類推,則 #{NUM} 會有 #{result} 種拆法"
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